Hd3a

2022-11-15 | Categories genes  | Tags flower  heading date  flowering time  floral  temperature  leaf  meristem  domestication  shoot  transcription factor  shoot apical meristem  branching  strigolactone  axillary meristem  phloem 

• Information
  • Symbol: Hd3a
  • MSU: LOC_Os06g06320
  • RAPdb: Os06g0157700
• PSP score
  • LOC_Os06g06320.1: 0.0205
• PLAAC score
  • LOC_Os06g06320.1: 0
• pLDDT score
  • 93.02
• Protein Structure from AlphaFold and UniProt
  • 
• Publication
  • Knockdown of SAMS genes encoding S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetases causes methylation alterations of DNAs and histones and leads to late flowering in rice, 2011, J Plant Physiol.
  • Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci Hd-1 , Hd-2 and Hd-3 , controlling heading date of rice, as single Mendelian factors, 1998, TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics.
  • OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, 2008, Planta.
  • Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, 2009, Planta.
  • Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, 2011, Mol Genet Genomics.
  • Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice, 2011, Plant Physiol.
  • Phytochrome dependent quantitative control of Hd3a transcription is the basis of the night break effect in rice flowering, 2009, Genes Genet Syst.
  • NECK LEAF 1, a GATA type transcription factor, modulates organogenesis by regulating the expression of multiple regulatory genes during reproductive development in rice, 2009, Cell Res.
  • Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, 2008, Development.
  • OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day LD-dependent flowering in rice, 2009, Plant Cell Environ.
  • Functional analyses of the flowering time gene OsMADS50, the putative SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1/AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 SOC1/AGL20 ortholog in rice, 2004, Plant J.
  • OsCOL4 is a constitutive flowering repressor upstream of Ehd1 and downstream of OsphyB, 2010, Plant J.
  • Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza, 2012, Plant J.
  • LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, 2012, J Integr Plant Biol.
  • Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice, 2013, PLoS Genet.
  • The effect of the crosstalk between photoperiod and temperature on the heading-date in rice, 2009, PLoS One.
  • RBS1, an RNA Binding Protein, Interacts with SPIN1 and Is Involved in Flowering Time Control in Rice, 2014, PLoS One.
  • A major QTL, Ghd8, plays pleiotropic roles in regulating grain productivity, plant height, and heading date in rice, 2011, Mol Plant.
  • 14-3-3 proteins act as intracellular receptors for rice Hd3a florigen, 2011, Nature.
  • A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, 2010, Nat Genet.
  • Suppression of the floral activator Hd3a is the principal cause of the night break effect in rice, 2005, Plant Cell.
  • Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three AP1/FUL-like MADS box genes and PAP2, a SEPALLATA MADS box gene, 2012, Plant Cell.
  • The histone methyltransferase SDG724 mediates H3K36me2/3 deposition at MADS50 and RFT1 and promotes flowering in rice, 2012, Plant Cell.
  • Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hd1 under short-day conditions, 2002, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • Identification of dynamin as an interactor of rice GIGANTEA by tandem affinity purification TAP, 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a, 2009, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • Flowering time genes Heading date 1 and Early heading date 1 together control panicle development in rice, 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, 2007, Plant Physiol.
  • Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, 2008, Plant Physiol.
  • Analysis of PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY5 sheds light on the role of phytochromes in photoperiodic flowering in rice, 2009, Plant Physiol.
  • DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, 2010, Plant Physiol.
  • Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Association of functional nucleotide polymorphisms at DTH2 with the northward expansion of rice cultivation in Asia, 2013, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Genetic dissection of a genomic region for a quantitative trait locus, Hd3, into two loci, Hd3a and Hd3b, controlling heading date in rice, 2002, Theor Appl Genet.
  • Hd3a Protein Is a Mobile Flowering Signal in Rice, 2007, Science.
  • SPIN1, a K homology domain protein negatively regulated and ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SPL11, is involved in flowering time control in rice, 2008, Plant Cell.
  • OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, 2013, Plant J.
  • Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response, 2013, Plant J.
  • Hd3a promotes lateral branching in rice., 2015, Plant J.
  • FT-like proteins induce transposon silencing in the shoot apex during floral induction in rice., 2015, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice., 2016, Plant Cell Environ.
• Genbank accession number
  • AB052943
  • AB052944
  • AB052943
  • AB052944
• Key message
  • Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hd1 under short-day conditions
  • NB acts by downregulating Heading date 3a (Hd3a) expression
  • The RNA levels of Heading date 3a (Hd3a), encoding a floral activator, are highly correlated with flowering time, and there is a high degree of polymorphism in the Heading date 1 (Hd1) protein, which is a major regulator of Hd3a expression
  • We also found that the type of Hd3a promoter and the level of Ehd1 expression contribute to the diversity in flowering time and Hd3a expression level
  • Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice
  • s73 mutant plants show a number of alterations in the characteristic diurnal expression patterns of master genes involved in photoperiodic control of flowering, resulting in up-regulation of the floral integrator Heading date3a (Hd3a)
  • Knockdown of OsSAMS1, 2 and 3 led to distinguished late flowering and greatly reduced the expression of the flowering key genes, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Hd3a and RFT1 (rice FT-like genes)
  • Genetic dissection of a genomic region for a quantitative trait locus, Hd3, into two loci, Hd3a and Hd3b, controlling heading date in rice
  • Our results suggest that OsCO3 primarily controls flowering time under SD conditions by negatively regulating Hd3a and FTL expression, independent of the SD-promotion pathway
  • RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1/FT-L3) is the closest homologue of Heading date 3a (Hd3a), which is thought to encode a mobile flowering signal and promote floral transition under short-day (SD) conditions
  • These results indicate that Hd3a and RFT1 act as floral activators under SD conditions, and that RFT1 expression is partly regulated by chromatin modification
  • We examined the footprints of natural and artificial selections for four major genes of the photoperiod pathway, namely PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), by investigation of the patterns of nucleotide polymorphisms in cultivated and wild rice
  • This suggests that the divergent functions of paralogs RFT1 and Hd3a, and of MADS50 and MADS51, are in part due to differential H3K36me2/3 deposition, which also correlates with higher expression levels of MADS50 and RFT1 in flowering promotion in rice
  • By regulating Ehd1, RFT1, and Hd3a, Ghd8 delayed flowering under long-day conditions, but promoted flowering under short-day conditions
  • In addition, expression of the Hd3a and Rice Flowering-locus T 1 (RFT1) florigen genes was up-regulated in leaves of the Hd1 Ehd1 line at the time of the floral transition
  • Because phytochrome B mutants do not respond to NB and their flowering time is not affected even under NB conditions, phyB is required for the suppression of Hd3a expression
  • Thus, two distinct gating mechanisms–of the floral promoter Ehd1 and the floral repressor Ghd7–could enable manipulation of slight differences in day length to control Hd3a transcription with a critical day-length threshold
  • A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice
  • The expression patterns of Hd1 and Hd3a were also analyzed in different photoperiod and temperature conditions, revealing that Hd1 mRNA levels displayed similar expression patterns for different photoperiod and temperature treatments, with high expression levels at night and reduced levels in the daytime
  • Hd3a mRNA was present at a very low level under low temperature conditions regardless of the day-length
  • This result suggests that suppression of Hd3a expression is a principle cause of late heading under low temperature and long-day conditions
  • We show that the protein encoded by Hd3a, a rice ortholog of FT, moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem and induces flowering in rice
  • Here, we show that, unlike the Arabidopsis florigen gene FT, the rice florigen gene Hd3a (Heading date 3a) is toggled by only a 30-min day-length reduction
  • Hd3a expression is induced by Ehd1 (Early heading date 1) expression when blue light coincides with the morning phase set by OsGIGANTEA(OsGI)-dependent circadian clocks
  • Suppression of the floral activator Hd3a is the principal cause of the night break effect in rice
  • The quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed that DTH8 could down-regulate the transcriptions of Ehd1 (for Early heading date1) and Hd3a (for Heading date3a; a rice ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T) under long-day conditions
  • To assign the position of Ehd2 within the flowering pathway of rice, we compared transcript levels of previously isolated flowering-time genes, such as Ehd1, a member of the unique pathway, Hd3a, and Rice FT-like1 (RFT1; rice florigens), between the wild-type plants and the ehd2 mutants
  • Severely reduced expression of these genes in ehd2 under both short- and long-day conditions suggests that Ehd2 acts as a flowering promoter mainly by up-regulating Ehd1 and by up-regulating the downstream Hd3a and RFT1 genes in the unique genetic network of photoperiodic flowering in rice
  • The expression of Hd3a and FTL decreased in these transgenic plants, whereas the expression of Hd1, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), OsMADS51, and OsMADS50 did not significantly change
  • These results suggested that OsDof12 might regulate flowering by controlling the expression of Hd3a and OsMADS14
  • Furthermore, the expression of two regulators of flowering, Hd3a and OsMADS1, was also affected in the nl1 mutant
  • In rice, a short-day plant (SDP), the CO ortholog Heading date 1 (Hd1) regulates FT ortholog Hd3a, but regulation of Hd3a by Hd1 differs from that in Arabidopsis
  • Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 (Hd1)-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice
  • Expression analyses of flowering marker genes show that Rbs1 overexpression represses the expression of Hd3a under SD and LD conditions
  • These results suggest that GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering by interacting with Hd3a
  • The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a
  • A single NB strongly suppressed the mRNA of Hd3a, a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), whereas the mRNAs of OsGI and Hd1 were not affected
  • The phyB mutation abolished the NB effect on flowering and Hd3a mRNA, indicating that the NB effect was mediated by phytochrome B
  • Because expression of the other FT-like genes was very low and not appreciably affected by NB, our results strongly suggest that the suppression of Hd3a mRNA is the principal cause of the NB effect on flowering in rice
  • In rice, OsGI, Hd1 and Hd3a were identified as orthologs of GI, CO and FT, respectively, and are also important regulators of flowering
  • Heading date 3a (Hd3a) has been detected as a heading-date-related quantitative trait locus in a cross between rice cultivars Nipponbare and Kasalath
  • Many other features of the photoperiod genes revealed domestication signatures, which included high linkage disequilibrium (LD) within genes, the occurrence of frequent and recurrent non-functional Hd1 mutants in cultivated rice, crossovers between subtropical and tropical alleles of Hd1, and significant LD between Hd1 and Hd3a in japonica and indica
  • Spin1 overexpression causes late flowering independently of daylength; expression analyses of flowering marker genes in these lines suggested that SPIN1 represses flowering by downregulating the flowering promoter gene Heading date3a (Hd3a) via Hd1-dependent mechanisms in short days and by targeting Hd1-independent factors in long days
  • Here we show that the rice FT homologue Hd3a interacts with 14-3-3 proteins in the apical cells of shoots, yielding a complex that translocates to the nucleus and binds to the Oryza sativa (Os)FD1 transcription factor, a rice homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana FD
  • Hd3a Protein Is a Mobile Flowering Signal in Rice
  • Transcript levels of three flowering regulators-Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a-were decreased in these mutants, whereas those of OsGI and Hd1 were unchanged
  • These results indicate that OsMADS51 is a flowering promoter, particularly in SDs, and that this gene functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Our results suggest that quantitative effect of light on flowering in rice NB is mediated by the regulation of Hd3a transcription by phyB
  • Phytochrome dependent quantitative control of Hd3a transcription is the basis of the night break effect in rice flowering
  • Furthermore, the precocious flowering phenotype caused by the overexpression of Hd3a, a rice florigen gene, was weakened in pap2-1 mutants
  • Ehd1 and Hd3a can also be down-regulated by the photoperiodic flowering genes Ghd7 and Hd1 (a rice ortholog of CONSTANS)
  • This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions
  • Although RFT1 RNAi plants flowered normally, double RFT1-Hd3a RNAi plants did not flower up to 300 days after sowing (DAS), indicating that Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice
  • RFT1 expression was very low in wild-type plants, but there was a marked increase in RFT1 expression by 70 DAS in Hd3a RNAi plants, which flowered 90 DAS
  • Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice
  • Here, we report that phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated suppression of Hd3a is a primary cause of long-day suppression of flowering in rice, based on the three complementary discoveries
  • First, overexpression of Hd1 causes a delay in flowering under SD conditions and this effect requires phyB, suggesting that light modulates Hd1 control of Hd3a transcription
  • We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions, but not under short-day conditions
  • Finally, we show that Hd3a promotes branching independently from strigolactone and FC1, a transcription factor that inhibits branching in rice
  • Hd3a protein produced in the phloem reached the axillary meristem in the lateral bud, and its transport was required for promotion of branching
  • Hd3a promotes lateral branching in rice.
  • We show here that Hd3a protein accumulated in axillary meristems to promote branching and that FAC formation was required
  • Analysis of transgenic plants revealed that Hd3a promotes branching through lateral bud outgrowth
  • Moreover, mutant Hd3a proteins defective in FAC formation but competent in transport failed to promote branching
  • Together, these results suggest that Hd3a functions as a mobile signal for branching in rice
  • Here, we confirm that Hd3a coexists, in the same regions of the rice shoot apex, with the other components of the florigen activation complex and its transcriptional targets
  • The 14-3-3 proteins mediate the interaction of Hd3a with the transcription factor OsFD1 to form a ternary structure called the florigen activation complex on the promoter of OsMADS15, a rice APETALA1 ortholog
• Connection
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Knockdown of SAMS genes encoding S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetases causes methylation alterations of DNAs and histones and leads to late flowering in rice, Knockdown of OsSAMS1, 2 and 3 led to distinguished late flowering and greatly reduced the expression of the flowering key genes, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Hd3a and RFT1 (rice FT-like genes)
  • Hd3a, OsSAMS1, Knockdown of SAMS genes encoding S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetases causes methylation alterations of DNAs and histones and leads to late flowering in rice, Knockdown of OsSAMS1, 2 and 3 led to distinguished late flowering and greatly reduced the expression of the flowering key genes, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Hd3a and RFT1 (rice FT-like genes)
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Knockdown of SAMS genes encoding S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetases causes methylation alterations of DNAs and histones and leads to late flowering in rice, Knockdown of OsSAMS1, 2 and 3 led to distinguished late flowering and greatly reduced the expression of the flowering key genes, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Hd3a and RFT1 (rice FT-like genes)
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, The expression of Hd3a and FTL decreased in these transgenic plants, whereas the expression of Hd1, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), OsMADS51, and OsMADS50 did not significantly change
  • Hd3a, OsCO3, OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, Our results suggest that OsCO3 primarily controls flowering time under SD conditions by negatively regulating Hd3a and FTL expression, independent of the SD-promotion pathway
  • Hd1, Hd3a, OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, The expression of Hd3a and FTL decreased in these transgenic plants, whereas the expression of Hd1, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), OsMADS51, and OsMADS50 did not significantly change
  • Hd3a, OsMADS51~OsMADS65, OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, The expression of Hd3a and FTL decreased in these transgenic plants, whereas the expression of Hd1, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), OsMADS51, and OsMADS50 did not significantly change
  • Hd3a, OsMADS50~OsSOC1~DTH3, OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice, The expression of Hd3a and FTL decreased in these transgenic plants, whereas the expression of Hd1, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), OsMADS51, and OsMADS50 did not significantly change
  • Hd3a, OsMADS51~OsMADS65, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, These results suggested that OsDof12 might regulate flowering by controlling the expression of Hd3a and OsMADS14
  • Hd3a, OsDof12~OsCDF1, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Hd3a, OsDof12~OsCDF1, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, These results suggested that OsDof12 might regulate flowering by controlling the expression of Hd3a and OsMADS14
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Hd3a, OsGI, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, In transgenic lines overexpressing OsDof12, the transcription levels of Hd3a and OsMADS14 were up-regulated under LD conditions but not SD conditions, whereas the expression of Hd1, OsMADS51, Ehd1 and OsGI did not change under LD and SD conditions
  • Hd3a, PHYB~OsphyB, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, Here, we report that phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated suppression of Hd3a is a primary cause of long-day suppression of flowering in rice, based on the three complementary discoveries
  • Hd3a, PHYB~OsphyB, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, First, overexpression of Hd1 causes a delay in flowering under SD conditions and this effect requires phyB, suggesting that light modulates Hd1 control of Hd3a transcription
  • Hd3a, PHYB~OsphyB, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, These results also suggest that phyB-mediated suppression of Hd3a expression is a component of the molecular mechanism for critical day length in rice
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, In rice, a short-day plant (SDP), the CO ortholog Heading date 1 (Hd1) regulates FT ortholog Hd3a, but regulation of Hd3a by Hd1 differs from that in Arabidopsis
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, First, overexpression of Hd1 causes a delay in flowering under SD conditions and this effect requires phyB, suggesting that light modulates Hd1 control of Hd3a transcription
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 Hd1-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 (Hd1)-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice
  • Hd3a, OsMADS1~LHS1~AFO, NECK LEAF 1, a GATA type transcription factor, modulates organogenesis by regulating the expression of multiple regulatory genes during reproductive development in rice, Furthermore, the expression of two regulators of flowering, Hd3a and OsMADS1, was also affected in the nl1 mutant
  • Hd3a, NL1, NECK LEAF 1, a GATA type transcription factor, modulates organogenesis by regulating the expression of multiple regulatory genes during reproductive development in rice, Furthermore, the expression of two regulators of flowering, Hd3a and OsMADS1, was also affected in the nl1 mutant
  • Hd3a, OsMADS15~DEP, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, In the absence of Hd3a and RFT1 expression, transcription of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15, two rice orthologues of Arabidopsis APETALA1, was strongly reduced, suggesting that they act downstream of Hd3a and RFT1
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1/FT-L3) is the closest homologue of Heading date 3a (Hd3a), which is thought to encode a mobile flowering signal and promote floral transition under short-day (SD) conditions
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, Although RFT1 RNAi plants flowered normally, double RFT1-Hd3a RNAi plants did not flower up to 300 days after sowing (DAS), indicating that Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, RFT1 expression was very low in wild-type plants, but there was a marked increase in RFT1 expression by 70 DAS in Hd3a RNAi plants, which flowered 90 DAS
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, In the absence of Hd3a and RFT1 expression, transcription of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15, two rice orthologues of Arabidopsis APETALA1, was strongly reduced, suggesting that they act downstream of Hd3a and RFT1
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, These results indicate that Hd3a and RFT1 act as floral activators under SD conditions, and that RFT1 expression is partly regulated by chromatin modification
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, In the absence of Hd3a and RFT1 expression, transcription of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15, two rice orthologues of Arabidopsis APETALA1, was strongly reduced, suggesting that they act downstream of Hd3a and RFT1
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day LD-dependent flowering in rice, In the osmads50 mutants and 56OX transgenic plants, transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 were reduced, although that of OsLFL1 increased
  • Hd3a, OsLFL1, OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day LD-dependent flowering in rice, In the osmads50 mutants and 56OX transgenic plants, transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 were reduced, although that of OsLFL1 increased
  • Hd3a, OsMADS50~OsSOC1~DTH3, OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day LD-dependent flowering in rice, In the osmads50 mutants and 56OX transgenic plants, transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 were reduced, although that of OsLFL1 increased
  • Hd3a, RFT1, OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day LD-dependent flowering in rice, In the osmads50 mutants and 56OX transgenic plants, transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 were reduced, although that of OsLFL1 increased
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsCOL4 is a constitutive flowering repressor upstream of Ehd1 and downstream of OsphyB, Transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 were increased in the oscol4 mutants, but reduced in the OsCOL4-D mutants
  • Hd3a, OsCOL4, OsCOL4 is a constitutive flowering repressor upstream of Ehd1 and downstream of OsphyB, Transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 were increased in the oscol4 mutants, but reduced in the OsCOL4-D mutants
  • Hd3a, RFT1, OsCOL4 is a constitutive flowering repressor upstream of Ehd1 and downstream of OsphyB, Transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 were increased in the oscol4 mutants, but reduced in the OsCOL4-D mutants
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza, We examined the footprints of natural and artificial selections for four major genes of the photoperiod pathway, namely PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), by investigation of the patterns of nucleotide polymorphisms in cultivated and wild rice
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza, Many other features of the photoperiod genes revealed domestication signatures, which included high linkage disequilibrium (LD) within genes, the occurrence of frequent and recurrent non-functional Hd1 mutants in cultivated rice, crossovers between subtropical and tropical alleles of Hd1, and significant LD between Hd1 and Hd3a in japonica and indica
  • Hd3a, PHYB~OsphyB, Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza, We examined the footprints of natural and artificial selections for four major genes of the photoperiod pathway, namely PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), by investigation of the patterns of nucleotide polymorphisms in cultivated and wild rice
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza, We examined the footprints of natural and artificial selections for four major genes of the photoperiod pathway, namely PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), by investigation of the patterns of nucleotide polymorphisms in cultivated and wild rice
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions, but not under short-day conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions, but not under short-day conditions
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions
  • Hd3a, RFT1, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions, but not under short-day conditions
  • Hd3a, RFT1, LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions
  • Ehd4, Hd3a, Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice, We show that Ehd4 up-regulates the expression of the “florigen” genes Hd3a and RFT1 through Ehd1, but it acts independently of other known Ehd1 regulators
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice, We show that Ehd4 up-regulates the expression of the “florigen” genes Hd3a and RFT1 through Ehd1, but it acts independently of other known Ehd1 regulators
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice, We show that Ehd4 up-regulates the expression of the “florigen” genes Hd3a and RFT1 through Ehd1, but it acts independently of other known Ehd1 regulators
  • Hd1, Hd3a, The effect of the crosstalk between photoperiod and temperature on the heading-date in rice, The expression patterns of Hd1 and Hd3a were also analyzed in different photoperiod and temperature conditions, revealing that Hd1 mRNA levels displayed similar expression patterns for different photoperiod and temperature treatments, with high expression levels at night and reduced levels in the daytime
  • Hd3a, RBS1, RBS1, an RNA Binding Protein, Interacts with SPIN1 and Is Involved in Flowering Time Control in Rice, Expression analyses of flowering marker genes show that Rbs1 overexpression represses the expression of Hd3a under SD and LD conditions
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, A major QTL, Ghd8, plays pleiotropic roles in regulating grain productivity, plant height, and heading date in rice, By regulating Ehd1, RFT1, and Hd3a, Ghd8 delayed flowering under long-day conditions, but promoted flowering under short-day conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, A major QTL, Ghd8, plays pleiotropic roles in regulating grain productivity, plant height, and heading date in rice, By regulating Ehd1, RFT1, and Hd3a, Ghd8 delayed flowering under long-day conditions, but promoted flowering under short-day conditions
  • Hd3a, RFT1, A major QTL, Ghd8, plays pleiotropic roles in regulating grain productivity, plant height, and heading date in rice, By regulating Ehd1, RFT1, and Hd3a, Ghd8 delayed flowering under long-day conditions, but promoted flowering under short-day conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, Hd3a expression is induced by Ehd1 (Early heading date 1) expression when blue light coincides with the morning phase set by OsGIGANTEA(OsGI)-dependent circadian clocks
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, Thus, two distinct gating mechanisms–of the floral promoter Ehd1 and the floral repressor Ghd7–could enable manipulation of slight differences in day length to control Hd3a transcription with a critical day-length threshold
  • Ghd7, Hd3a, A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, Thus, two distinct gating mechanisms–of the floral promoter Ehd1 and the floral repressor Ghd7–could enable manipulation of slight differences in day length to control Hd3a transcription with a critical day-length threshold
  • Hd3a, OsGI, A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, Hd3a expression is induced by Ehd1 (Early heading date 1) expression when blue light coincides with the morning phase set by OsGIGANTEA(OsGI)-dependent circadian clocks
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Suppression of the floral activator Hd3a is the principal cause of the night break effect in rice, A single NB strongly suppressed the mRNA of Hd3a, a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), whereas the mRNAs of OsGI and Hd1 were not affected
  • Hd3a, OsMADS34~PAP2, Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three AP1/FUL-like MADS box genes and PAP2, a SEPALLATA MADS box gene, Furthermore, the precocious flowering phenotype caused by the overexpression of Hd3a, a rice florigen gene, was weakened in pap2-1 mutants
  • Hd3a, OsMADS50~OsSOC1~DTH3, The histone methyltransferase SDG724 mediates H3K36me2/3 deposition at MADS50 and RFT1 and promotes flowering in rice, This suggests that the divergent functions of paralogs RFT1 and Hd3a, and of MADS50 and MADS51, are in part due to differential H3K36me2/3 deposition, which also correlates with higher expression levels of MADS50 and RFT1 in flowering promotion in rice
  • Hd3a, OsMADS51~OsMADS65, The histone methyltransferase SDG724 mediates H3K36me2/3 deposition at MADS50 and RFT1 and promotes flowering in rice, This suggests that the divergent functions of paralogs RFT1 and Hd3a, and of MADS50 and MADS51, are in part due to differential H3K36me2/3 deposition, which also correlates with higher expression levels of MADS50 and RFT1 in flowering promotion in rice
  • Hd3a, RFT1, The histone methyltransferase SDG724 mediates H3K36me2/3 deposition at MADS50 and RFT1 and promotes flowering in rice, This suggests that the divergent functions of paralogs RFT1 and Hd3a, and of MADS50 and MADS51, are in part due to differential H3K36me2/3 deposition, which also correlates with higher expression levels of MADS50 and RFT1 in flowering promotion in rice
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Identification of dynamin as an interactor of rice GIGANTEA by tandem affinity purification TAP, In rice, OsGI, Hd1 and Hd3a were identified as orthologs of GI, CO and FT, respectively, and are also important regulators of flowering
  • Hd3a, OsGI, Identification of dynamin as an interactor of rice GIGANTEA by tandem affinity purification TAP, In rice, OsGI, Hd1 and Hd3a were identified as orthologs of GI, CO and FT, respectively, and are also important regulators of flowering
  • GF14c, Hd3a, The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a, In this study, we identified GF14c (a 14-3-3 protein) as an Hd3a-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen
  • GF14c, Hd3a, The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a, In vitro and in vivo experiments, using a combination of pull-down assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, confirmed the interaction between Hd3a and GF14c
  • GF14c, Hd3a, The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a, These results suggest that GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering by interacting with Hd3a
  • GF14c, Hd3a, The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a, The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Flowering time genes Heading date 1 and Early heading date 1 together control panicle development in rice, In addition, expression of the Hd3a and Rice Flowering-locus T 1 (RFT1) florigen genes was up-regulated in leaves of the Hd1 Ehd1 line at the time of the floral transition
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Flowering time genes Heading date 1 and Early heading date 1 together control panicle development in rice, In addition, expression of the Hd3a and Rice Flowering-locus T 1 (RFT1) florigen genes was up-regulated in leaves of the Hd1 Ehd1 line at the time of the floral transition
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Flowering time genes Heading date 1 and Early heading date 1 together control panicle development in rice, In addition, expression of the Hd3a and Rice Flowering-locus T 1 (RFT1) florigen genes was up-regulated in leaves of the Hd1 Ehd1 line at the time of the floral transition
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, Transcript levels of three flowering regulators-Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a-were decreased in these mutants, whereas those of OsGI and Hd1 were unchanged
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, In ectopic expression lines, transcript levels of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a were increased, but those of OsGI and Hd1 remained the same
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, These results indicate that OsMADS51 is a flowering promoter, particularly in SDs, and that this gene functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Hd3a, OsGI, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, Transcript levels of three flowering regulators-Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a-were decreased in these mutants, whereas those of OsGI and Hd1 were unchanged
  • Hd3a, OsGI, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, In ectopic expression lines, transcript levels of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a were increased, but those of OsGI and Hd1 remained the same
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, Transcript levels of three flowering regulators-Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a-were decreased in these mutants, whereas those of OsGI and Hd1 were unchanged
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, In ectopic expression lines, transcript levels of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a were increased, but those of OsGI and Hd1 remained the same
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, These results indicate that OsMADS51 is a flowering promoter, particularly in SDs, and that this gene functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Hd3a, OsMADS14, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Hd3a, OsMADS51~OsMADS65, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, These results indicate that OsMADS51 is a flowering promoter, particularly in SDs, and that this gene functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Hd3a, OsMADS51~OsMADS65, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, To assign the position of Ehd2 within the flowering pathway of rice, we compared transcript levels of previously isolated flowering-time genes, such as Ehd1, a member of the unique pathway, Hd3a, and Rice FT-like1 (RFT1; rice florigens), between the wild-type plants and the ehd2 mutants
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, Severely reduced expression of these genes in ehd2 under both short- and long-day conditions suggests that Ehd2 acts as a flowering promoter mainly by up-regulating Ehd1 and by up-regulating the downstream Hd3a and RFT1 genes in the unique genetic network of photoperiodic flowering in rice
  • Ehd2~RID1, Hd3a, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, To assign the position of Ehd2 within the flowering pathway of rice, we compared transcript levels of previously isolated flowering-time genes, such as Ehd1, a member of the unique pathway, Hd3a, and Rice FT-like1 (RFT1; rice florigens), between the wild-type plants and the ehd2 mutants
  • Ehd2~RID1, Hd3a, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, Severely reduced expression of these genes in ehd2 under both short- and long-day conditions suggests that Ehd2 acts as a flowering promoter mainly by up-regulating Ehd1 and by up-regulating the downstream Hd3a and RFT1 genes in the unique genetic network of photoperiodic flowering in rice
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, To assign the position of Ehd2 within the flowering pathway of rice, we compared transcript levels of previously isolated flowering-time genes, such as Ehd1, a member of the unique pathway, Hd3a, and Rice FT-like1 (RFT1; rice florigens), between the wild-type plants and the ehd2 mutants
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, Severely reduced expression of these genes in ehd2 under both short- and long-day conditions suggests that Ehd2 acts as a flowering promoter mainly by up-regulating Ehd1 and by up-regulating the downstream Hd3a and RFT1 genes in the unique genetic network of photoperiodic flowering in rice
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, The quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed that DTH8 could down-regulate the transcriptions of Ehd1 (for Early heading date1) and Hd3a (for Heading date3a; a rice ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T) under long-day conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, The quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed that DTH8 could down-regulate the transcriptions of Ehd1 (for Early heading date1) and Hd3a (for Heading date3a; a rice ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T) under long-day conditions
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, Ehd1 and Hd3a can also be down-regulated by the photoperiodic flowering genes Ghd7 and Hd1 (a rice ortholog of CONSTANS)
  • Ghd7, Hd3a, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, Ehd1 and Hd3a can also be down-regulated by the photoperiodic flowering genes Ghd7 and Hd1 (a rice ortholog of CONSTANS)
  • Hd1, Hd3a, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, Ehd1 and Hd3a can also be down-regulated by the photoperiodic flowering genes Ghd7 and Hd1 (a rice ortholog of CONSTANS)
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, We also found that the type of Hd3a promoter and the level of Ehd1 expression contribute to the diversity in flowering time and Hd3a expression level
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, The RNA levels of Heading date 3a (Hd3a), encoding a floral activator, are highly correlated with flowering time, and there is a high degree of polymorphism in the Heading date 1 (Hd1) protein, which is a major regulator of Hd3a expression
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, We also found that the type of Hd3a promoter and the level of Ehd1 expression contribute to the diversity in flowering time and Hd3a expression level
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice
  • Hd1, Hd3a, SPIN1, a K homology domain protein negatively regulated and ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SPL11, is involved in flowering time control in rice, Spin1 overexpression causes late flowering independently of daylength; expression analyses of flowering marker genes in these lines suggested that SPIN1 represses flowering by downregulating the flowering promoter gene Heading date3a (Hd3a) via Hd1-dependent mechanisms in short days and by targeting Hd1-independent factors in long days
  • Hd3a, SPIN1, SPIN1, a K homology domain protein negatively regulated and ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SPL11, is involved in flowering time control in rice, Spin1 overexpression causes late flowering independently of daylength; expression analyses of flowering marker genes in these lines suggested that SPIN1 represses flowering by downregulating the flowering promoter gene Heading date3a (Hd3a) via Hd1-dependent mechanisms in short days and by targeting Hd1-independent factors in long days
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, In osvil2 mutants OsLFL1 expression was increased, but that of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 was reduced
  • Hd3a, OsLFL1, OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, In osvil2 mutants OsLFL1 expression was increased, but that of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 was reduced
  • Hd3a, OsVIL2, OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, In osvil2 mutants OsLFL1 expression was increased, but that of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 was reduced
  • Hd3a, RFT1, OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, In osvil2 mutants OsLFL1 expression was increased, but that of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 was reduced
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response, In a near-isogenic line with the weak-photoperiod-sensitivity allele of Hd16, transcription levels of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 increased under long-day conditions, and transcription levels of Hd3a and RFT1 decreased under short-day conditions
  • CKI~EL1~Hd16, Hd3a, Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response, In a near-isogenic line with the weak-photoperiod-sensitivity allele of Hd16, transcription levels of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 increased under long-day conditions, and transcription levels of Hd3a and RFT1 decreased under short-day conditions
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response, In a near-isogenic line with the weak-photoperiod-sensitivity allele of Hd16, transcription levels of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 increased under long-day conditions, and transcription levels of Hd3a and RFT1 decreased under short-day conditions
  • Ghd7.1~Hd2~OsPRR37~DTH7, Hd3a, Days to heading 7, a major quantitative locus determining photoperiod sensitivity and regional adaptation in rice., We show that in long days DTH7 acts downstream of the photoreceptor phytochrome B to repress the expression of Ehd1, an up-regulator of the "florigen" genes (Hd3a and RFT1), leading to delayed flowering
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, EF8 is involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway and chlorophyll biogenesis in rice., Our data showed that EF8 delayed flowering time under long-day conditions by altering the rhythmic expression patterns of ‘florigen’ genes Hd3a and RFT1
  • Hd3a, OsCCT01, Three CCT domain-containing genes were identified to regulate heading date by candidate gene-based association mapping and transformation in rice., The overexpression of OsCCT01 delayed flowering through suppressing the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 under both long day and short day conditions
  • Hd3a, OsMADS15~DEP, FT-like proteins induce transposon silencing in the shoot apex during floral induction in rice., The 14-3-3 proteins mediate the interaction of Hd3a with the transcription factor OsFD1 to form a ternary structure called the florigen activation complex on the promoter of OsMADS15, a rice APETALA1 ortholog
  • Hd3a, MRG702, MRG702, a reader protein of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, is involved in brassinosteroid-regulated growth and flowering time control in rice., Gene transcription analyses showed that MRG702 knock-down resulted in the down-regulation of BR-related genes, including D11, BRI1, and BU1, and several flowering genes including Ehd1, Ehd2/OsID1/RID1, Ehd3,OsMADS50, Hd3a, and RFT1
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Genetic interactions between diverged alleles of Early heading date 1 Ehd1 and Heading date 3a Hd3a/ RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 RFT1 control differential heading and contribute to regional adaptation in rice Oryza sativa., Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) regulates Hd3a and RFT1
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Genetic interactions between diverged alleles of Early heading date 1 Ehd1 and Heading date 3a Hd3a/ RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 RFT1 control differential heading and contribute to regional adaptation in rice Oryza sativa., We demonstrated that, in an ehd1 mutant background, Hd3a was silenced, but RFT1 was expressed (although at lower levels than in plants with a functional Ehd1) under short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions
  • Hd3a, OsHAL3, OsHAL3, a new component interacts with the floral regulator Hd1 to activate flowering in rice., Moreover, OsHAL3 directly bound to the promoter of Hd3a, especially before dawn
  • Hd3a, SDG708, SET DOMAIN GROUP 708, a histone H3 lysine 36-specific methyltransferase, controls flowering time in rice Oryza sativa, Compared with the wild-type, SDG708-knockdown rice mutants displayed a late-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions because of the down-regulation of the key flowering regulatory genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a), RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1), and Early heading date 1 (Ehd1).
  • Hd3a, OsCOL10, OsCOL10, a CONSTANS-like gene, functions as a flowering-time repressor downstream of Ghd7 in rice., Further studies show that OsCOL10 represses the expression of the FT-like genes RFT1 and Hd3a through Ehd1
  • Hd3a, HDR1, The Oryza sativa Regulator HDR1 Associates with the Kinase OsK4 to Control Photoperiodic Flowering., We determined that HDR1 is a novel suppressor of flowering that upregulates Hd1 and downregulates Ehd1, leading to the downregulation of Hd3a and RFT1 under LDs
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice., Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice.
  • Ehd1, Hd3a, Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice., Exposure to drought stress under floral-inductive photoperiods strongly reduced transcription of EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1), primary integrators of day length signals, providing a molecular connection between stress and the photoperiodic pathway
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice., Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice.
  • Hd3a, RFT1, Hd3a, RFT1 and Ehd1 integrate photoperiodic and drought stress signals to delay the floral transition in rice., Exposure to drought stress under floral-inductive photoperiods strongly reduced transcription of EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1), primary integrators of day length signals, providing a molecular connection between stress and the photoperiodic pathway
  • Hd18, Hd3a, Hd18, encoding histone acetylase related to Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS D, is involved in the control of flowering time in rice., Compared with those in Koshihikari, the expression levels of the flowering-time genes Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Heading date 3a (Hd3a), and Rice flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were lower in a near-isogenic line with the Hayamasari Hd18 allele in a Koshihikari genetic background
  • Hd3a, OsCOL13, A CONSTANS-like transcriptional activator, OsCOL13, functions as a negative regulator of flowering downstream of OsphyB and upstream of Ehd1 in rice., OsCOL13 suppresses the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 by repressing Ehd1, but has no relationship with other known Ehd1 regulators as determined by using mutants or near isogenic lines
  • DTH2~OsCOL9~OsCCT08, Hd3a, CONSTANS-like 9 COL9 delays the flowering time in Oryza sativa by repressing the Ehd1 pathway., Our data showed that overexpression of OsCOL9 delayed the flowering time under both short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions, leading to suppressed expressions of EHd1, RFT and Hd3a at the mRNA Level
  • Hd3a, OsHAPL1, The OsHAPL1-DTH8-Hd1 complex functions as the transcription regulator to repress heading date in rice., Further studies showed that OsHAPL1 represses the expression of the florigen genes and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1) and Hd3a through Early heading date 1 (Ehd1)
  • Hd3a, OsHAPL1, The OsHAPL1-DTH8-Hd1 complex functions as the transcription regulator to repress heading date in rice., We propose that OsHAPL1 functions as a transcriptional regulator and, together with DTH8, Hd1, the HAP complex, and general transcription factors, regulates the expression of target genes and then affects heading date by influencing the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 through Ehd1
  • Hd1, Hd3a, Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Mechanisms Limit Heading Date 1 Hd1 Function to Adapt Rice to High Latitudes., We demonstrate that a histone fold domain scaffold formed by GRAIN YIELD, PLANT HEIGHT AND HEADING DATE 8 (Ghd8) and several NF-YC subunits can accommodate distinct proteins, including Hd1 and PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 37 (PRR37), and that the resulting OsNF-Y complex containing Hd1 can bind a specific sequence in the promoter of HEADING DATE 3A (Hd3a)
  • Hd3a, OsCOL10, Flowering time regulation by the CONSTANS-Like gene OsCOL10., Through transgenic analysis, we have showed that OsCOL10 repress flowering by reducing expression of the FT-like genes RFT1 and Hd3a through Ehd1
  • Hd3a, SID1~OsIDD4, Suppressor of rid1 SID1 shares common targets with RID1 on florigen genes to initiate floral transition in rice., Further analyses showed SID1 and RID1 directly target the promoter regions of Hd3a and RFT1, two florigen genes in rice
  • Hd3a, PLA3~OsLBD3-7~OsLBD37, OsLBD37 and OsLBD38, two class II type LBD proteins, are involved in the regulation of heading date by controlling the expression of Ehd1 in rice., Further analysis revealed that OsLBD37 and OsLBD38 delayed heading date by down-regulating the expression of the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 through key regulator of heading date Ehd1
  • Hd3a, OsLBD38, OsLBD37 and OsLBD38, two class II type LBD proteins, are involved in the regulation of heading date by controlling the expression of Ehd1 in rice., Further analysis revealed that OsLBD37 and OsLBD38 delayed heading date by down-regulating the expression of the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 through key regulator of heading date Ehd1
  • Hd3a, OsMADS7~OsMADS45, Ectopic expression of OsMADS45 activates the upstream genes Hd3a and RFT1 at an early development stage causing early flowering in rice., Ectopic expression of OsMADS45 activates the upstream genes Hd3a and RFT1 at an early development stage causing early flowering in rice.
  • Hd3a, OsMADS7~OsMADS45, Ectopic expression of OsMADS45 activates the upstream genes Hd3a and RFT1 at an early development stage causing early flowering in rice., OsMADS45 overexpression did not alter the oscillating rhythm of the examined floral regulatory genes but advanced (by approximately 20<U+00A0>days) the up-regulate of two florigens, Hd3a (Heading Date 3a) and RFT1 (RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1) and suppressed the expression of Hd1 at the juvenile stage
  • Hd3a, OsMADS7~OsMADS45, Ectopic expression of OsMADS45 activates the upstream genes Hd3a and RFT1 at an early development stage causing early flowering in rice., These results indicate that in transgenic rice, OsMADS45 overexpressing ectopically activates the upstream genes Hd3a and RFT1 at early development stage and up-regulates the expression of OsMADS14 and OsMADS18, which induces early flowering
  • Hd3a, SDG701, SET DOMAIN GROUP701 encodes a H3K4-methytransferase and regulates multiple key processes of rice plant development., Consistently, the SDG701 protein was found to bind chromatin to promote H3K4me3 and to enhance expression of the rice Hd3a and RFT1 florigens
  • Hd3a, OsCOL16, OsCOL16, encoding a CONSTANS-like protein, represses flowering by up-regulating Ghd7 expression in rice., We determined that OsCOL16 up-regulates the expression of the floral repressor Ghd7, leading to down-regulation of the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day length-dependent regulation of rice flowering., Loss of DTH8 function results in the activation of Hd3a by Hd1, leading to early flowering
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day length-dependent regulation of rice flowering., We also show that Hd1 directly interacts with DTH8 and that the formation of the DTH8-Hd1 complex is necessary for the transcriptional repression of Hd3a by Hd1 in LD
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day length-dependent regulation of rice flowering., Further, we reveal that DTH8 associates with the Hd3a promoter to modulate the level of trimethylated H3K27 at the Hd3a genomic locus
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day length-dependent regulation of rice flowering., H3K27 trimethylation increases at Hd3a in the presence the DTH8-Hd1 complex, while Hd1 attenuates the H3K27me3 level in Hd3a when DTH8 function is lost
  • Hd3a, Hd5~DTH8~Ghd8~OsHAP3H~LHD1~EF8~CAR8~OsNF-YB11, The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day length-dependent regulation of rice flowering., Therefore, our findings establish that, in response to day length, DTH8 plays a critical role in mediating Hd1 regulation of Hd3a transcription through the DTH8-Hd1 module to shape epigenetic marks in photoperiodic flowering
  • HBF1, Hd3a, Antagonistic Transcription Factor Complexes Modulate the Floral Transition in Rice., However, additional bZIPs, including Hd3a BINDING REPRESSOR FACTOR 1 (HBF1) and HBF2 form repressor complexes that reduce Hd3a and RFT1 expression to delay flowering
  • HBF2, Hd3a, Antagonistic Transcription Factor Complexes Modulate the Floral Transition in Rice., However, additional bZIPs, including Hd3a BINDING REPRESSOR FACTOR 1 (HBF1) and HBF2 form repressor complexes that reduce Hd3a and RFT1 expression to delay flowering

Prev     Next